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Under what circumstances can a landowner’s map( title ) be cancelled?Ethiopian Law

Under what circumstances can a landowner’s map( title ) be cancelled?Ethiopian Law 

1. The land ownership certificate issued by the land administration bodies of urban administrations is the best indication of the owner’s right to that piece of land!

According to Article 1195 of the Civil Code, a person who holds a map is presumed to be the legal owner of the land.

However, this presumption of ownership, which is taken by law, can be challenged in the circumstances set out in the law!

2. When we come to the question of whether a landowner can appeal against the land ownership certificate issued by the relevant land administration body. The answer is yes.

3. What are the reasons for an land ownership certificate being revoked?

It can be understood from Articles 1196 & 1197 of the Civil Code that an administrative body that has issued a land ownership certificate can revoke the map!

 However, a person who has been issued a map claiming to be the owner of a piece of land can be held liable for the map being issued if there is a situation where the map was created before it was issued and the owner of the map obtained the proof of ownership without due process.

In other words, the party who cancels the map has the burden of proving that the map was issued without due process!

4. The Court of Appeal has given various mandatory interpretations of the cancellation of a map.

Among these, the ones given in M/No. 42501 and M/No. 99071 are mentioned.

In these cases, the Federal Supreme Court has clarified 3 basic limitations on the power of land administrations and city administrations to cancel maps!

4.1.  Those who can cancel the map they have issued must have the burden of explaining the circumstances that are set out in the law and that the map was issued illegally and should not have been issued in the first place!

4.2. A landowner who complains that a decision made by a land administration body to cancel a map is illegal may file a lawsuit in court. Therefore, if the courts believe that the map was issued illegally, they can overturn the decision to cancel and order the map to be returned to the owner!

4.3. If a land administration has won a lawsuit in court and the map was issued illegally, the map cannot be canceled while that judgment is still in effect!

As can be understood from the above, canceling a map is not a measure taken by a landowner based on unpaid fines or service change fees!

 Rather, it is only when there is a situation where it is believed that the ownership certificate was issued based on an illegal document or after the map was issued that the owner acquired possession of the land!

የአንድ ባለይዞታ ካርታ የሚሰረዘው 

    በምን ሁኔታ ነው?

1. የከተማ አስተዳደሮች የመሬት አስተዳደር አካላት የሚሰጡት የይዞታ ማረጋገጫ ካርታ በዛ የመሬት ቁራሽ ላይ ባለካርታውን የተሻለ ባለመብትነት አመላካች ነው!

በፍ/በሔር ህጉ አንቀፅ 1195 መሠረት ካርታ የያዘ ሰው የቦታው ህጋዊ ባለይዞታ ተደርጎ ይገመታል።

ነገር ግን ይህ በህግ የሚወሰድ የባለይዞታነት ግምት በህጉ በተቀመጡ ሁኔታዎች ሊስተባበል የሚችል ነው!

2. አንድ ባለይዞታ ከሚመለከተው የመሬት አስተዳደር አካል የተሰጠው የይዞታ ማረጋገጫ ካርታ ሊሰረዝ ሊመክን ይችላል ወይ ወደሚለው ስንመጣ። ምላሹ አዎ ነው።

3. አንድ የይዞታ ማረጋገጫ ካርታ የሚመክንባቸው ምክንያቶች ምንድን ናቸው?

የይዞታ ማረጋገጫ  ካርታ የሰጠ የአስተዳደር አካል ካርታውን ማምከን መሠረዝ እንደሚችል ከፍትሐ ብሔር ህጉ አንቀፀሰ 1196 & 1197 መገንዘብ ይቻላል!

ነገር ግን በአንድ ቁራሽ መሬት ላይ ባለይዞታ ነህ ብሎ ካርታ የሰጠውን ሰው ባለይዞታ ካርታ ለማምከን የሚቻለው ካርታው ከመሠጠቱ በፊት የተፈጠረ እና ያለአግባብ ነው ባለካርታው የይዞታ ማረጋገጫውን ያገኘው የሚያሰኝ ሁኔታ ሲኖር ነው።

በሌላ አነጋገር ካርታ የሚሰርዝ አካል ካርታው ያለአግባብ መሠጠቱን የማስረዳት ሸክም አለበት!

4. ሰበር ሰሚ ችሎት ስለካርታ መሰረዝ የተለያዩ አስገዳጄ ትርጉሞችን ሰጥቷል።

ከነኚህም ውስጥ በመ/ቁጥር 42501 እና በመ/ቁጥር 99071 የሰጣቸው ተጠቃሽ ናቸው።

በነኚህ መዝገቦች የፌደራል ጠቅላይ ፍርድ ቤት የመሬት አስተዳደሮች ከተማ አስተዳደሮች ባላቸው ካርታን የመሠረዝ ስልጣን ላይ ያሉ 3 መሠረታዊ የስልጣን ገደቦችን ግልፅ አድርጓል!

4.1. የሰጡትን ካርታ መሠረዝ የሚችሉት በህጉ የተቀመጡ እና ካርታው ከህግ አግባብ ውጪ ነው የተሰጠው አስቀድሞም መሰጠት አልነበረበትም የሚያሰኙ ግልፅ ሁኔታዎችን የማስረዳት ሸክም አለባቸው!

4.2. በመሬት አስተዳደር አካላት ካርታን ለመሰረዝ የተሰጠ ውሳኔ ህጋዊ አደለም የሚል ቅሬታ ያለው ባለይዞታ በፍርድ ቤት ከሰስ ማቅረብ ይችላል። ስለሆነም ፍርድ ቤቶች ካርታው የመከነው ያለአግባብ ነው ብለው ካመኑ የመሰረዙን ውሳኔ መሻርና ለባለይዞታው ካርታ ተመልሶ እንዲሰጠው መወሰን ይችላሉ!

4.3. አንድ የመሬት አስተዳደር በፍርድ ቤት ሙግት ከተረታና ካርታው የመከነው ያለአግባብ ነው ተብሎ ከተወሰነ ያ ፍርድ ፀንቶ ባለበት ወቅት ካርታውን ማምከን አይችሉም!

ከላይ ከተዘረዘሩት ለመረዳት እንደሚቻለው ካርታን ማምከን ባለይዞታ የሆነ ሰው ባልከፈለው የቅጣት ወይም የአገልግሎት ለውጥ ክፍያ መነሻነት የሚወሰድ እርምጃ አለመሆኑን ነው!

ይልቁንም የባለሀብትነት ምስክር ወረቀቱ የተሰጠው ከህግ ውጪ በማይፀና ሰነድ መነሻ ከሆነ ወይም ካርታው ከተሰጠው በኋላ ነው የመሬቱን ይዞታ ያገኘው የሚያስብል ሁኔታ ሲኖር ነው!

African Languages Database

Core African languages with speaker estimates, writing systems, and linguistic roots. Use the search box to filter by language, country, script, etc. This is an expandable baseline — more languages and finer regional varieties can be added later.

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Speaker numbers are rounded (native + second-language where relevant). “Derived from” refers to linguistic family, not political ownership.

Language Name	Country / Region	Short Bio	Written?	Speakers (Millions)	Script / Font	Derived From / Family
Amharic (አማርኛ)	Ethiopia (official working language of federal gov.)	Semitic language used in administration, media, law, culture in Ethiopia.	Yes (Ge’ez script)	30+	Ge’ez / Ethiopic abugida	Afroasiatic > Semitic
Tigrinya (ትግርኛ)	Eritrea, northern Ethiopia (Tigray)	Semitic language used in Eritrean administration and media, strong literary press.	Yes (Ge’ez script)	9+	Ge’ez / Ethiopic abugida	Afroasiatic > Semitic
Oromo / Afaan Oromo	Ethiopia (Oromia), Kenya (Borana areas)	Cushitic language; widely spoken in Ethiopia, used in regional education and media.	Yes (Latin script, modern)	35+	Latin alphabet (Qubee)	Afroasiatic > Cushitic
Somali	Somalia, Ethiopia (Somali Region), Djibouti, Kenya (NE)	Official language of Somalia; rich poetry tradition; strong diaspora media.	Yes (Latin official; also Arabic historically)	20+	Latin (modern standard), Arabic (Ajami legacy)	Afroasiatic > Cushitic
Swahili / Kiswahili	Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, DRC, East/Central Africa coast	Bantu lingua franca of East Africa; used in trade, media, African Union contexts.	Yes (Latin script)	80+ (many L2)	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu (with heavy Arabic loanwords)
Zulu / isiZulu	South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), Eswatini	Major Bantu language of South Africa; taught in schools; vibrant TV/radio.	Yes (Latin script)	12+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu > Nguni
Xhosa / isiXhosa	South Africa (Eastern Cape, Western Cape)	Click language of the Nguni branch; official in South Africa; strong literature.	Yes (Latin script)	8+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu > Nguni
Shona / chiShona	Zimbabwe, Mozambique	Dominant Bantu language in Zimbabwe; standardized orthography taught in schools.	Yes (Latin script)	14+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu
Ndebele / isiNdebele	Zimbabwe, South Africa	Nguni Bantu language closely related to Zulu, strong oral praise-poetry tradition.	Yes (Latin script)	2+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu > Nguni
Sesotho / Southern Sotho	Lesotho, South Africa	Official in Lesotho; used in education, media, government.	Yes (Latin script)	6+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu > Sotho-Tswana
Setswana / Tswana	Botswana (national language), South Africa, Namibia	Widely used in Botswana government, education, radio, and print.	Yes (Latin script)	8+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu > Sotho-Tswana
Hausa / Hausanci	Northern Nigeria, Niger, Ghana (markets), Chad	Major West African trade language; big media language in Sahel.	Yes (Latin & Ajami Arabic script)	50+ (native+L2)	Latin alphabet (Boko); Arabic Ajami	Afroasiatic > Chadic
Yorùbá	Nigeria (SW), Benin, Togo, diaspora (Brazil/Cuba religion)	Major language with a rich written tradition, tonal marks; strong diaspora religion links.	Yes (Latin with tone marks)	45+	Latin alphabet (diacritics)	Niger-Congo > Volta-Niger
Igbo / Ìgbò	Nigeria (SE, Igboland)	Tonal language with many dialects; standardized orthography taught in schools.	Yes (Latin script)	25+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Volta-Niger
Fulani / Fula / Pulaar / Fulfulde	Sahel belt: Senegal → Nigeria, Cameroon, Chad	Nomadic / pastoralist heritage; serves as regional lingua franca across the Sahel.	Yes (Latin, Ajami Arabic)	25+	Latin alphabet, Arabic Ajami	Niger-Congo (often grouped under Atlantic branch)
Wolof	Senegal, The Gambia, Mauritania (urban)	Main lingua franca of Senegal; dominant in music, TV, street commerce.	Yes (Latin, Ajami Arabic)	10+	Latin alphabet, Arabic Ajami	Niger-Congo > Atlantic
Bambara / Bamanankan	Mali (especially south and Bamako)	Most widely used lingua franca in Mali; crucial for radio, markets, politics.	Yes (Latin, N’Ko)	15+	Latin alphabet; N’Ko script also used	Niger-Congo > Mande
Ewe / Èʋegbe	Ghana (Volta), Togo, Benin	Tonal Gbe language; strong traditional music/chant culture and cross-border identity.	Yes (Latin)	7+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Gbe
Akan (Twi / Asante Twi / Akuapem Twi / Fante)	Ghana	Cluster of closely related Akan lects; widely used in Ghana media, politics, church.	Yes (Latin)	20+	Latin alphabet (with tone marks sometimes)	Niger-Congo > Kwa
Lingala	DRC (Congo River region), Republic of the Congo	Urban/army lingua franca around Kinshasa and Brazzaville; huge in Congolese music.	Yes (Latin)	20+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu
Kinyarwanda	Rwanda (national language), DR Congo (border regions), Uganda (SW)	Official in Rwanda; taught nationwide; mutually intelligible with Kirundi.	Yes (Latin)	12+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu
Kirundi	Burundi (national language), Tanzania (west), DR Congo (east)	Very close to Kinyarwanda; national identity language of Burundi.	Yes (Latin)	10+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu
Luganda / Ganda	Uganda (Central region, Buganda Kingdom)	Major language of central Uganda; strong radio, newspapers, pop music scene.	Yes (Latin)	8+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu
Chewa / Chichewa / Nyanja	Malawi (national), Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe (urban)	National language of Malawi; widely used in education and national radio.	Yes (Latin)	15+	Latin alphabet	Niger-Congo > Bantu
Malagasy	Madagascar (national language)	Austronesian language (not Bantu) that arrived via settlers from SE Asia; mixed with Bantu and Arabic loans.	Yes (Latin)	25+	Latin alphabet	Austronesian family (Malayo-Polynesian)
Arabic (Darija / Maghrebi varieties)	Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, parts of Mauritania	Arabic varieties spoken natively in North Africa; used alongside Modern Standard Arabic and French.	Yes (Arabic script)	80+ (regional total)	Arabic script	Afroasiatic > Semitic (Arabic branch)
Berber / Tamazight / Amazigh	Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Mali, Niger (Tuareg)	Indigenous Amazigh languages; in Morocco and Algeria some varieties are official and taught in schools.	Yes (Tifinagh, also Latin, Arabic)	25+ (all varieties)	Tifinagh (revived), Latin, Arabic	Afroasiatic > Berber branch
Krio	Sierra Leone (lingua franca)	English-based creole; unifies many ethnic groups for daily trade, media, national identity.	Yes (Latin)	5+	Latin alphabet	English-lexifier Atlantic Creole
Afrikaans	South Africa, Namibia	Germanic language derived from Dutch; has a large L2 base among non-white communities historically.	Yes (Latin)	7+	Latin alphabet	Indo-European > Germanic (Dutch-derived)
Afar / Qafaraf	Ethiopia (Afar Region), Djibouti, Eritrea (coastal lowlands)	Cushitic language spoken by Afar people, traditionally pastoralist between Red Sea and Rift Valley.	Yes (Latin in modern standard; also Arabic script historically)	2+	Latin alphabet; Arabic Ajami (historic)	Afroasiatic > Cushitic

African Languages Database — draft reference table.

Designed for expansion: Add more rows for additional languages, dialect clusters, and endangered languages.

Copyright © 2025. Data: rounded public estimates; for education & planning use.

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Advisory

• Cultural advisory / outreach
• Expert witness testimony
• Multilingual compliance & LEP access

Languages We Support

Amharic Ge’ez Tigrigna / Tigrinya Oromo Somali Swahili Dinka Nuer Ibo / Igbo Arabic Wolof Hausa / Fulfulde Bambara Xhosa Afar Gurage Harari Agew French Spanish Russian Vietnamese Mandarin

We recruit native-speaking translators and interpreters in 150+ languages (including “exotic” and hard-to-source languages) and can often place someone on short notice.

Language Access Is the Law (LEP / Title VI)

If you’re a hospital, clinic, school, social services agency, nonprofit, police / public safety, legal aid group, immigration counsel, or court, you may be legally required to provide meaningful access for Limited English Proficient (LEP) individuals. “Meaningful access” means qualified interpreters, translated vital documents, and culturally accurate communication — not just “someone who speaks a little.”

Ethiotrans helps with certified interpreters, translated forms, medical consent, court / asylum packets, and accurate documentation for compliance.

News & Updates

Health & Community Language Access

Our interpreters help patients explain symptoms and understand care plans. Clear communication between doctors and patients saves lives, prevents misdiagnosis, and protects families.

We’re Hiring: Join Ethiotrans

We’re always looking for native and heritage speakers of African languages, plus Spanish, Arabic, Vietnamese, Mandarin, Russian, and many others. Earn income and make a real impact.

Apply / Work With Us →

Why Clients Choose Ethiotrans

Native Translators

We use native speakers with lifetime experience in the target language. We take cultural and regional differences seriously to deliver accurate, respectful language in context.

African Language Focus

We focus on what we know best: African languages. We only accept jobs we can do with truly qualified people, instead of guessing or “faking fluency.”

Full-Service Production

Translation, interpretation, localization, I18n, DTP, subtitling / voiceover, Unicode website design, multilingual outreach campaigns, and expert witness support.

Request Capabilities / Past Work →

Where We Work

Based in San Diego, California. We cover Southern & Northern California (San Diego, Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, Sacramento, Oakland, San Jose) and provide nationwide phone / video interpretation. Need Amharic, Somali, Oromo, Tigrigna / Tigrinya, Nuer, Dinka, Swahili, Fulani / Fulfulde, Spanish, Arabic or more — same day? We’ll help.

Emergency / same-day? Email info@ethiotrans.com or call 619-255-5530.

Ethiotrans • African Languages. Anytime. Anywhere. Since 1999.

4265 Fairmount Ave #240, San Diego, CA 92105 • Tel 619-255-5530 • info@ethiotrans.com
If info@ethiotrans.com is down, please use info@yebbo.com

Ethiotrans is a US-registered federal service provider. We translate, interpret, localize, subtitle/voiceover, typeset, consult, and support Unicode/technical rollout in 150+ languages, with deep African coverage. Visit Ethiotrans.com →

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